Effect of Technology on the Workplace

Effect of Technology on the Workplace Introduction: â€Å"Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master† (Christian Lous Lange). The quote suggests that the way people perceive and adopt technology determines whether the result is an upgrading or de-skilling as an effect on their performance and expertise. The essay outline will comprise and cover : a definition of ‘technology and the concepts of technological determinism and organizational choice; an underline of the relationship between technology and organization; a specification of different challenges and inter organizational issues upon the introduction of new technologies that have impact on the skills and qualities of people. Finally, The example case study of Zeta- one of the top fifty software companies in The United States, will support the assumption that new technologies do not inevitably lead to de-skilling when they are understood, controlled and implemented carefully and professionally. Discussing technology in the context of contemporary society can be an ambiguous issue. The way that people understand this concept is as diverse as is the unique human personality. Instead of putting new technology in the frames of global computer networks, intelligent machines or â€Å"flying cars†, it is more reasonable to look at technology at an organizational level, as an irrefutable part of organizations structure, managerial decision making, employees performance and skills, and the overall welfare of each company. Therefore it will be useful first to introduce the concept of technology and to examine what changes and evolution it has undergone in the last centuries. While some people merely associate technology with its everyday practical meaning, a more comprehensive view will be to look beyond the notion of the simple usage and exploitation of technology and to focus on extent of interaction and mutual relationship between technology and organization (Corbett, M. and Scarbrough, H., 1992). At this point a distinction needs to be made between two concepts: technological determinism and organizational choice. As K. Grint and S. Woolgar suggest â€Å"technological determinism portrays technology as an exogenous and autonomous development which coerces and determines social and economic organizations and relationships† (Grint, K. and Woolgar, S., 1997:11). While this theory clearly signifies the impact of technology upon organizations and individuals in way that it encages people to transform and shape their skills accordingly to the technology, the concept of organizational choice highlights that â€Å"Technology has no impact on people o r performance in an organization independent of the purposes of those who would use it, and the responses of those who have to work with it†( Buchanan and Huczynski 1985:222, cited by Corbett and Scarbrough 1992:5). Referring these concepts to the theories and practices of Henry Ford where technology as well as workers were tools for maximizing profit and comparing it with nowadays organizations where individuals rights and qualities are of main concern, a pattern of development of technologys role in the organization can be observed. Looking at different interpretations of new technology, it will be helpful to understand the relationship between technology and organization, the problems and setbacks that may occur during its implementation and the employees and managers adaptation and behavior towards such issues. Turning back to the 40s of 20th century, the time when Henry Ford introduced the assembly line into his company, is one of the most relevant examples to examine the impact that this new technology had on the skills , productivity and efficiency of the workers. Although at first the implication of the assembly line was conceived as a beneficial, efficient and innovative tool, rising the profitability of the company rapidly, the myth was soon crushed by decreasing enthusiasm, low skilled labor force , high turnover and lack of interest and motivation- the worst scenario for an organization. This was the inevitable result of a profit driven management and wrong process of technology introduction, encircled in using power, force and alienation and trying to increase morale by offering higher wages. New technology incited â€Å"counter-productive effects on employees†, â€Å"deskilling and degradation of jobs† and feeling of human beings â€Å"controlled by the technologyâ €  (Grint,k. and Woolgar,S. 1997:120,121). However, these results were not simply implied by technology itself but by the lack of any managerial methods and changes towards the obvious deterioration of employees and thus companys development, which lead to the tight relationship between organizations and technology. Since the time of Ford a lot has changed, going through Post-Fordism methods which are concentrated â€Å"to increase the skill levels and flexibility and to provide teamwork structures† (Grint,k. and Woolgar,S. 1997:122) and reaching nowadays organizations, where management is highly concerned with providing cooperative and inspiring atmoshpere and flexible, knowlegeable employees who can easily adopt to the new technology changes and challenges.As Autor, Kratz and Krueger (1998) indicate, the introduction of computers in the 1970s has lead to a stable increase in the demand for educated workers and has â€Å"upgraded faster the skills of the workforce† (cited by Helpman and Rangel, 1999: 361). The following part will discuss the skill, knowledge and identity of technology users, the introduction of technology and the managerial and workers perceptions of it, and the problems that can occur in organizations and how they can be overcome. First, it will be useful to define ‘skill and its role in the implementing of technology and managerial decision making. According to Steven Wood, there is a need to distinguish between the different â€Å"types of skills particularly what might be called tacit skills exercised by people even in those jobs which are labeled unskilled and/or ostensibly routine in nature† (Wood, S., Acta Sociologica 1987:7). When talking about tacit knowledge, it is connected to individual experience and qualities which can be slightly different from the skills that are required in a particular working environment for the fact that people have different way of reacting to stressful situations or implementation of new and complicated technology or any kind of innovation. In this context we can outline the different physical and mental discomforts like anxiety, sleeplessness, pressure and alienation that may result from the introduction of new technology as Turnage (1990) suggests. Therefo re, when an issue like this occurs, managers should stress their actions on looking on the individuals level of qualities and characteristics in order to support the adaptation and productive change of the worker. As Burkhardt and Brass suggest â€Å"a change by individuals results in a change in the entire system†(1990: 105). When talking about human involvement with technology in an organizational environment some aspects of social interaction must be observed, like power, meaning and norms. Although a lot has changed since the time of Henry Ford, there are still sectors of the market like the retail sector or the banks where there is a have strict hierarchy and pressure due to the excessive control and power of the management may cause the implementation process to enflame strains and conflicts among the employees. Such results may also be a consequence of the conflict of interests between the employer and the workers as they have different perceptions of technology. While the employer is concerned with the efficiency of the new technology, the employee is concerned with issues like the technical skills and knowledge that must be obtained, the responsibility and implications of the technological change(Corbett Scarbrough,1992). Although users have the capacity to control the interaction with technology and the flexibility to attribute in the relationship between technology and organization ,their level of interpretation is constrained by institutional contexts, economic conditions and government regulations which act as norms in the organizational environment(Orlikowski,1991). Both creative human action and manipulation over the technology and the non-direct factors mentioned above, can have an impact on the skills and expertise of the personnel and therefore it is crucial to maintain the right shaping of the technology process in order to develop a working environment consisting of respect, creativity and prosperity. Such atmosphere can be created only by adequate intervention of the managers. Although â€Å"managers are usually presumed to influence the extent to which the innovation is adapted and used by their subordinates† (Leonard-BartonDeschamps,1988:1252), it is suggested that the influence of the managers is not always perceived equally by all employees. This is a result of the different level of knowledge and skills possessed by the workers and the personal characteristics and individual features discussed above. Therefore, a very detailed knowledge of the skills and qualities of the employees as long as a productive cooperative environment needs to be included in the implementation process of new technologies. Instead of using hierarchical means of power and control, the â€Å"managerial attention should first focus on providing and advertising an adequate infrastructure supporting the innovation and then turn attention to directly motivating the later adopters† (Leonard-B artonDeschamps,1988:1262). Here, it can be highlighted the meaning of the theory of organizational choice as â€Å"It is only through human action that technology qua technology can be understood† (Orlikowski,1992:409). The following example will once more underline the assumption that implementation of new technologies does not inevitably lead to deskilling if the organization understands technology-organization relationship and acts reasonably and accurately to the problems that may occur. Zeta is a software company, operating on the territory of the United states and is one of the top 50 software companies in the country with around 1000employees and 100million US dollars in revenues. In 1992 the company decided to buy and adopt a new software which would support the faster and more convenient processing of information. The study, made in the company for a period of 2 years, tracked the introduction process of this new technology and the changes that occurred within the organization. The final conclusion of the study was that â€Å"department had built on its successful implementation of groupware in interesting ways, and over the past two years had enacted significant organizational changes in a number of areas: nature and distribution of work, form of collaboration, utilization and dissemination of knowledge, and coordination with internal and external units† ( Orlikowski, 1995:1). However, the process of implementation did not happened without any setbacks. Let us look at some consequences of the introduction of the new technology on the employees skills and on the working environment as a whole. The study suggested that there were not only technical problems that physically slowed down the working process but also an atmosphere of tension, low motivation, low efficiency and tiredness among the working team due to this technical problems. Despite the logical conclusion that the implementation of this technology lead to general deskilling in the organization, the mangers succeeded to prove otherwise. For a very short period of time, the managerial strategy experienced significant changes in the sphere of: process and performance monitoring, cooperative culture, professional identity and autonomy, collaboration and team-work. These changes were a result of interviews, meetings and courses that were regularly appointed in which employees strengthened their team spirit as well as their individual qualities and knowledge (Orlikowski,1995). The de-skilling effect noticed in the beginning was rapidly overcome due to the adequate decisions made by the managers and the necessary attention paid to the problems in order for rational actions to be undertaken. In the case of Zeta Corporation , the introduction of new technology was implemented through the prism of organizational choice, with significant understanding of the power, meaning and norms in the organization-technology relationship, managerial support and decision-making and expertise over employees skills , needs and development. Conclusion: Introduction of new technologies has been an ambiguous issue, since â€Å" its multifaceted nature makes control extremely difficult to achieve† (Corbett Scarbrough, 1992:89). Having discussed the main features of technology-organization relationship, the setbacks and possible difficulties it may induce into the managerial and working environment , this essay suggests that the implementation of new technologies does not inevitably lead to de-skilling if understood and controlled adequately. The case of Zeta Corporation supports the argument that the above mentioned challenges should be considered as a positive, skill-upgrading and beneficial tool which would improve peoples knowledge and expertise. After all,† Technology should be an important ingredient. It may be and should be a tool for social development† (Alexander Kwasniewski). Bibliography: Scarbrough,H. Corbett,J.M. (1992) Technology and organization Grint,K. Woolgar,S. (1997) The Machine at Work: Technology, Work and Organization Orlikowski, W. (1995) Evolving with Notes: Organizational Change around Groupware Technology, available online : ftp://ftp.unibocconi.it/pub/corsi/strut738/progetti/IT/evolv.htm Leonard-Barton,D. Deschamps,I. (1988) Management Science, 34 (10) p.1252-1265; Available from: JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2632162 Orlikowski, W. (1992) The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations, Organizational Science, 3 (3) p. 398-427 Available from : JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2635280 Wood,S. (1987) The Deskilling Debate, New technology and Work Organization, Acta Sociologica, 30 (3) p.3-24 ; Available from: http://asj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/3 Helpman,E. Rangel,A. (1999) Adjustment to a New technology: Experience and Training, Journal of Economic Growth, 4: 359-383 Turnage, J. (1990) The Challenge of New Workplace Technology for Psychology, American Psychologist, 45(2), 171-178 Burkhardt,M. Brass,D. (1990) Changing Patterns or Patterns-o f Change: The Effects of a Change in Technology on Social Network Structure and Power, Administrative Science Quarterly,35, p.104-127

How Poets in Quickdraw Explore Ideas

English literature poetry and comparison links/task The manhunt ‘The manhunt’ is about an injured soldier’s wife who is describing her experience witnessing her husband’s fatal injuries. It is a positive relationship because the wife is feeling the pain of the husband. The poem which has comparisons is ‘In Paris with you’ the theme is common in both, of the darker side of love.The author of manhunt chooses to explore this through the idea of a man returning to his wife, after a war, and therefore is a more emotive poem, whilst the author of In Paris with you writes of a weekend in Paris, in which one tries desperately not to fall in love with the unnamed person.They are both written in first person in ‘the manhunt’ the wife is sharing her experience directly about her husband to the reader and similarly ‘In Paris with you’ the narrator is addressing the reader about her/his broken relationship and the only difference b etween the two poems is that the relationship ‘in Paris with you’ is negative and she/he is not in love with their lover and explaining their relationships. Furthermore they are both monologue poems where the writer creates an illusion of a voice and is biased because we only hear one side of the story both characters in both poems are not addressing their point of view.The hour Hour  is about the feelings that arise from spending time with a loved one. The poem suggests that to be with a loved one, even for just an hour, is precious and valuable. The relationship in the poem is positive. Hour follows the structure of a Shakespearian sonnet. Hour  has many references to money and riches, contrasting the concept of material wealth and possessions against love and time spent with a loved one. Hour is similar to the ghazal because they both talk about love and separation and are both positive relationships. Quickdraw Quickdraw  is a  one-sided relationship.The spea ker of the poem is waiting for contact from her lover. The context of the relationship is unclear, and we do not know if the speaker welcomes contact or not. Quickdraw is a poem which shows and demonstrates the highs and lows of relshonships it is a negative relationship because the speaker is talking to her lover she is wounded by the texts she’s received. The lexical field of fighting is in this poem which makes it a bad relshonship. Ellipses are also used throughout the poem maybe to show expression. Sister Maude  also presents the idea of  conflict and violence in a relationship  but between sisters rather than lovers.Ghazal Ghazal  is a love poem in which a speaker seeks to secure the love and attention of another. The poem is made up of a sequence of two-line stanzas Ghazal is similar to hour because it has the commen theme of love and serperation running through the poem. The poem is a positive relationship because the woman is incomplete without him. Brothers Brothers is a poem about two brothers where a void is created. The opening metaphor sets the tone for the relationship between the two brothers  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Saddled†Ã‚  suggests the negative feelings  the speaker has for his brother.The relationships in the poem is negative Brothers  explores the  relationship between siblings  and the way in which time separates them. There is affection between the brothers, particularly in the adoration of the younger boy. In  Sister Maude  a much more destructive relationship between siblings is presented. Like  Brothers, this poem hints at the way in which the move towards age brings a distance between siblings. Praise Song for my mother Praise song for my mother is a poem about a mother and her child and the deep love and affection they have for one another the relationship in the poem is positive . he poem is linked to nettles because it has similar theme running through which is love for children and vice versa. Harmonium Har monium is about a son talking positively about his dad . The narrator (the son) needs the help of his father to carry the instrument away from the church the relationship is positive and a harmonium is a musical instrument. Nettles  are a poem about the relationship between father and son, although from the perspective of the father rather than the son praise song for my mother is another poem about children from the perspective of mother this time.Sonnet 116 Sonnet 116 is a poem about what love is and what it actually means and represents. The relationship is positive it says love is everlasting and the narrator is very confident about his views on love. A poem which is linked to sonnet 116 is To His Coy Mistress  explores the idea of time and its effect on love, although it suggests that death will bring an end unlike  Sonnet 116, which suggests that  love is greater than death. Sonnet 43Sonnet 43 is about love as being all powerful positive and life changing force the rel ationships in the poem is positive. The poem which links with sonnet 43 is with  Hour  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ both present love as a  positive and powerful force. To his coy mistress To his coy mistress means to his shy mistress. The poem is about a shy mistress and her partner who wants her to be in bed with. The poem which links to his coy mistress is Hour because it’s about how precious time is to lovers, and presents the idea that time is a force which is against lovers. The farmer’s brideThe farmer’s bride is about a relshonship between a farmer and his bride it is written in first person the poem which shares links to the farmers bride is to his coy mistress because they are both about their relationships with their spouses. Sister Maude Sister Maude  explores the destructiveness of jealousy and the darker side of sisterhood. There is a suggestion that Maude's betrayal was unnatural and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"un-sisterly†. The relshonship in the poem is negative a poem which is similar to Sister Maude is brothers because it is also about siblings whereas in that poem it is about age and how it can disrupt relationships between brothers . NettlesNettles is a poem about a parent and a child whose child has been caught in nettles and suffered injuries a poem which links to nettles is praise song for my mother because it is also about a very caring parent and how they feel towards their offspring. it’s a positive relationship. Born yesterday Born yesterday is about a narrator whose writing about her friends child coming into the world and describing the baby a poem which is similar is Hour, like  Born Yesterday  is a poem about finding pleasure in ordinary, everyday experiences, rather than chasing the impossible and facing disappointment. The relshonship is positive Mohammed sidat

Puritans Influence on New England colonies between 1630`s to the 1660`s

During the 1630`s to the 1660`s the Puritans had a frat influence on the New England colonies. Puritans were protestants that arose within the Church of England. They demanded to have a greater and more rigorous discipline and were not satisfied with what the Church of England offered.They separated themselves from the Church of England but still considered themselves from the Church of England. when their desires were not fulfilled they left to settle in the Americas.Many spread throughout the colonies and settled in places like New Hampshire and Rhode Island. The Puritans made an impact on the political, economical, and the social development of New England colonies through the 1630`s and the 1660`s.In 1630, the Puritans settled and founded Massachusetts Bay Colony. The leader was John Winthrop, he created the idea of â€Å"city on a hill† and also â€Å" a model of christian charity†.This idea was that the city that was on the hill was to be an example to the other c ities, and they hope the others would follow (Doc A). New England enforced many laws that the Puritans believed in. Whoever did not obey â€Å"God's law†, was breaking a law. When Roger Williams contradicted the Puritans in 1644, he was later on banished. He stated that God didn't have a uniform religion and also this will cause a destruction of of millions of souls (Doc F). With the law on their side, The Puritans influenced the political aspect of New England.Many families owned their owned their own farms that produce a decent amount of products that were sold for a fair price.The community had a substantial amount of wealth. The Puritans always worked together to increase the wealth. They believed that God was always favoring in their success in whatever they did. There was a huge supply of timber and fishing, these aspects were quite helpful when it came to increasing the economy. Eventhough  the economy was abundant,religion was still the main focus. Their values and morals were not changed for the sake of money. John Higginson reassured the world that New England was designed for religion and not worldly gain (Doc J).The Puritans believed that having an education was crucial. The idea of having communities with families was just perfect. Because of this New England had more families settling than having individuals. The Puritans believed small towns or villages that had even amounts of land for all of the community. Family was an unquestionable value. The small towns were well organized and provided a school in which all the children attended (Doc B). The reason why education was very essential in the lives of these people, was because if no one knows how to read then whos gonna read the bible.This was an advantage to the Puritans, because the other colonies were illiterate and had no education. In conclusion, the Puritans had an extreme influence on the political, economical, and social development of the New England colonies, With new laws, e ducation,and having wealthy communities. The Puritans definitely made an impact on how the New England colonies made decisions and how it shaped New England to what it was at the time.

Search For Freedom in The Yellow Wallpaper - 913 Words

The â€Å"Yellow Wall-Paper† is a reflection of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s personal situations, regarding the protection of the rights of woman. She provides a critique on traditional feminine roles, and women’s desperation to get out of them. In the short story, the author depicts the idea that women conforming to the norms of society can be driven to destruction. Her criticism of gender conflicts is portrayed through the journal entries of the narrator. In order to illustrate her feminist concerns about gender equality, Gilman employs the characters of John, Jennie, and the narrator. The author makes a statement of her belief of men’s inclination to dominate woman through John’s treatment of his wife. Men who wish to have†¦show more content†¦She is the typical woman desired by men, a woman who is a â€Å"perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper†(634) who â€Å"hopes for no better profession†(634). Jennie is everything that the narrator is not. As time passes at the colonial mansion, she replaces, and diminishes John’s wife â€Å"who now sees to everything†(634). It is apparent that a comment is being made on how yielding Jennie’s character is as opposed to that of the narrator, for she is the one who chooses to stoop down to such humiliation, while the narrator attempts to escape submission to such treatment. The symbolism of namelessness suggesting worthlessness and inferiority is demonstrated by the author in order to reveal a woman’s insignificance in a marriage. The narrator is nameless throughout the story. These weaknesses become real to her when John â€Å"absolutely (forbids her) to work†(631). He merely regards her as a woman whose opinions, and feelings are irrelevant. Her echo of helplessness, â€Å"but what is one to do†(631) results from a husband who ignores his wife’s needs which need to be addressed. As a consequence to John’s offensive treatment she chooses to take control and free herself in the only way she can - escaping into the yellow wall-paper and being free to choose, â€Å"when the sun came†(640), â€Å"back behind†¦when it comes night†(641), when to come back to reality. In this context, Gilman’s woman figure, the narrator, discovers a way to escape male bondage from her husband.Show Mor eRelatedCharacter Analysis Yellow Wallpaper1146 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1002 Rodems February 7, 2011 The Yellow Wallpaper Many people deal with post-traumatic depression and it can have a huge impact on one’s life. In the short story by Charlotte Perkins Gillman, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the main character, as well as the narrator, is an unnamed woman dealing with post-traumatic depression. 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